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Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice
Like many scholars whose formative years were in the activist 1960s and early 1970s, we lived for many years with an uncomfortable relationship between our activism and our scholarship. These were supposed to remain separate domains: By day, we produced positivist knowledge to feed the information society; by night, we ...
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Encyclopedia of African American Society
Now and then I receive emails and letters from students requesting assistance. Most often, the request concerns some aspect of African American society. The questioners have ranged in age from those in their earliest teenage years to typical college students to mature seniors enrolled in community college during their retirement ...
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American Masculinities: A HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA
This is an encyclopedia about American masculinities. Its purpose is to provide a reference guide and an introduction to the many ways in which men have defined, imagined, and experienced male identity in the social, cultural, and political contexts of the United States. ...
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Encyclopedia of American Urban History
We are an urban nation and have been so, officially at least, since the early 20th century. But long before then, our cities played crucial roles in the economic and political development of the nation, as magnets for immigrants and as centers of culture and innovation. They still do. Yet, ...
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Encyclopedia of Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humankind in terms of scientific inquiry and logical presentation. It strives for a comprehensive and coherent view of our own species within dynamic nature, organic evolution, and sociocultural development. The discipline consists of five major, interrelated areas: physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural/social anthropology, linguistics, and applied ...
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Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science
Applied developmental science (ADS) seeks to advance the integration of developmental research with actions that promote positive development and/or enhance the life chances of vulnerable children, adolescents, young and old adults, and their families. There are three integrated components of ADS activity: theory/research, professional practice (i.e., the enactment of the ...
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Encyclopedia of Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy
The Encyclopedia of Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy was designed to enhance the resources available to scholars, practitioners, students, and other interested social science readers. The fact that this three-volume work is needed at this time is a testimonial to the pioneers in this field who only three or ...
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Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education
An appropriate way to open an encyclopedia of bilingual education is to define the term in brief. The simplest definition is that bilingual education is the use of two languages in the teaching of curriculum content in K-12 schools. This definition is most germane to the United States, the country ...
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Encyclopedia of Black Studies
Black Studies emerged as both an intellectual field and a critical ideology during the 1960s. It has remained close to its roots and also made a broad and deep impact on scholarship in general by creating a fundamental shift in the way scholars pursue research and view human societies: Black ...
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Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society
Commerce is by its very nature a normative enterprise. It is concerned with creating value for owners and other constituencies, ranging from the firm's immediate stakeholders, such as employees, customers, and suppliers, to the entire society within which the business operates. As a field of study, business ethics aims to ...
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Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society
Over 6 Million people around the world die from cancer each year. There is overwhelming evidence that lifestyle factors impact cancer risk and that positive, population-wide changes can significantly reduce the cancer burden. What drives the distribution of these modifiable risk factors and what slows our progress to improving the ...
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Encyclopedia of Career Development
Sweeping changes in the nature of work, shifts in the meaning of career success, the rise of global business and international careers, heightened concerns over social influences on careers, and emerging labor laws and regulations influence the ways in which individuals, organizations, and the broader society view career development. It ...
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Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media
It was 1904, and G. Stanley Hall, writing his magnum opus on adolescent development, was concerned about rising crime rates among American youth. He discerned a variety of causes, but one key source of the problem was the media. As Hall saw it, a young man may be induced to ...
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Encyclopedia of Community
Community is a concept, an experience, and a central part of being human. It is a subject that touches every one of us, a subject so complex and interdisciplinary that it takes a work like this to provide the depth and breadth of information that students, scholars, information specialists, and ...
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Encyclopedia of Counseling
Counseling is a professional activity that involves helping clients, individually or in groups, or as couples and families, deal with various career, vocational, educational, and emotional problems. From the depressed and lonely college student to the business executive at midlife experiencing decreasing levels of career satisfaction to the couple where ...
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Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the spread of anthrax through the mail, and the constant threat of new attacks have given crime and punishment a new meaning. Words and phrases such as crime scene investigation, criminal profiling, bioterrorism, behavioral forensics, surveillance abuse, toxicology, and victim rights that most ...
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Handbook of Death & Dying
Death, historically a topic of major social concern, has in recent decades become a phenomenon of even more relevance. Demographic trends portend a much-increased proportion of aged individuals in the U.S. population and an attendant increase in the number of terminal illnesses and death. Technological innovations such as organ transplants ...
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Encyclopedia of Disability
It has become a commonplace to claim that disability is on the rise in the modern world. Such recognition arrives as we and our families age and modern medicine ensures the viability of children who, only a few decades ago, would not have lived into adulthood. Those who sound this ...
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Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning
With the increasing acceptance of distributed education in both the public and private sectors, it seems timely to publish an Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning to capture the concepts and methods that reflect this phenomenon. We came to this project with great passion and many years of experience working within a ...
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Encyclopedia of Education Law
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) is the most important education-related case in the history of the United States, perhaps the most important decision of all time, regardless of the subject matter. With Brown providing a major impetus, the United States has undergone a myriad of educational, legal, ...
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Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration
The Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration was an enormous undertaking. After 2 years of work, over 260 professors, graduate students, practitioners, and association officials contributed more than 600 individual entries. The authors came from 125 universities, colleges, school districts, organizations, and associations in 36 states and several provinces of ...
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Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology
Educational psychology is a special field of endeavor because it strives to apply what is known about many different disciplines to the broad process of education. In the most general terms, you can expect to find topics in this area that fall into the categories of human learning and development ...
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Encyclopedia of Environment and Society
Where Does The environment leave off and society begin? If the major crises and curiosities of the early 21st century are any indication, it would be foolish to attempt to demark any such boundary. When expanding production and consumption drives greenhouse gas emissions that warm the planet, which in turn ...
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Encyclopedia of Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the frequency and determinants of morbidity and mortality in populations. Besides being a discipline in its own right, the science of epidemiology is one of the foundational sciences of public health and of evidence-based medicine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that ...
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Encyclopedia of Evaluation
The Encyclopedia of Evaluation is a who, what, where, how, and why of evaluation. Evaluation is a profession, a practice, a discipline—and it has developed and continues to develop through the ideas and work of evaluators and evaluation theorists working in real places with high hopes for social improvement. Each ...
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Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science
Geographic information science is an information science focusing on the collection, modeling, management, display, and interpretation of geographic data. It is an integrative field, combining concepts, theories, and techniques from a wide range of disciplines, allowing new insights and innovative synergies for increased understanding of our world. By incorporating spatial ...
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Encyclopedia of Global Health
The contemporary understanding of global health is complicated and extends to all ends of the Earth and beyond. From the health effects of global warming to the implications of single nucleotide differences on disease, the factors that impact global health are extremely diverse and are changing constantly. As new scientific ...
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Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change
PLANET EARTH HAS become the concern of everyone. The activities of conservation biologists are now of interest to economists and political scientists who wish to find out whether certain environmental problems are best solved by regulations or market forces. Businesspeople, government officials, and politicians have become involved in science. ...
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Encyclopedia of Governance
The language of governance has spread rapidly in the last thirty years. It describes changes in the nature and role of the state—a shift from bureaucracy to markets and networks. It also denotes a program for global reform—addressingpoverty, genderequality, fairtrade, and sustainable environments. ...
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Encyclopedia of Health & Aging
There are at least three major encyclopedias in the field of aging, all of them general and comprehensive. This new encyclopedia is focused more on health and, as such, is aimed at assisting researchers, students, and practitioners working in the fields of medicine, nursing, epidemiology, public health, health services, and ...
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Encyclopedia of Health Care Management
What is the relevance of an Encyclopedia of Health Care Management? Why do patients, physicians, other providers, employees of health care providers, students of health care, and consumers of health care insurance need to understand the business and management issues in the health care industry? ...
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Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior
The field of health and behavior addresses the interaction of behavioral, psychological, emotional, social, cultural, and biological factors with physical health outcomes, such as heart disease, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and chronic pain. The core philosophy of the field of health and behavior is threefold: (1) Behavioral, psychological, emotional, social, cultural, ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Healthcare
Healthcare spending in the United States was over $2 trillion in 2006 and accounts for roughly 16% of gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, the health sector directly employs nearly 14 million Americans. Many of these people are among the most educated and skilled people in U.S. society. While the ...
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Encyclopedia of Homelessness
There is nothing new about homelessness. There have been homeless people for some 10,000 years—from the time when humans built their first permanent homes in the first towns of the Fertile Crescent. The historical record, novels and poems, and sacred texts tell us the stories of beggars, wandering ascetics, penniless ...
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Encyclopedia of Human Development
The field of human development focuses on the growth and development of the human being, including physical, social, psychological, and emotional development from conception through death. Under the broad umbrella of the term human development are found countless topics, many of which are explored in this encyclopedia. In addition, as ...
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Encyclopedia of Human Geography
Human geography over the past decade has undergone a conceptual and methodological renaissance that has transformed it into the most dynamic and innovative of the social sciences. Geography, especially human geography, long suffered from a negative popular reputation (particularly in the United States) as a trivial discipline with little analytical ...
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Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West
The American West is a vast landscape, larger than Western Europe and ranging across geographic variations from deserts and mountains to fertile valleys and swift rivers. This great and varied landmass became home to successive waves of immigrants who, over ten thousand years, shaped it and were shaped by it. ...
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Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists focus the lens of psychological science on a key aspect of human life, namely, their work lives. In general, the goals of I/O psychology are to better understand and optimize the effectiveness, health, and well-being of ...
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International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies
Organization studies—the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures, processes, and practices and how these, in turn, shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people—has matured along multiple fronts. As early as the 1950s, many scholars were convinced that the new science of organizations needed only more quantification ...
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Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence
Interpersonal violence is behavior by people that intentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts harm on other people. This violence invades both the public and private spheres of our lives, many times in unexpected and frightening ways. Interpersonal violence is a problem that individuals may experience at any point during the ...
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Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice
In recent years, much attention has been focused on the juvenile offender, perceived changes in the types and seriousness of crimes being committed by the juvenile, and a controversial variety of possible treatment interventions, such as boot camps, corporal punishments, and culturally specific programs. Stories of school shootings, violent gangs, ...
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Encyclopedia of Law & Society: American and Global Perspectives
Two aspects of scholarship about the legal systems of our day strike me as especially salient. The first is that, for the first time, there is a fair amount of genuine research on these legal systems. European scholars have for a long time talked about “legal science” (Rechtswissenschaft). The term ...
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Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement
Security is now and has always been the primary function of government. All societies require some form of law enforcement capability to function effectively. Throughout history, governments of all types have relied on either public police agencies or informal means to effect conformity to social norms, standards, and laws. Given ...
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Encyclopedia of Leadership
Leadership is a challenge and an opportunity facing leaders and followers in their professional and personal lives. The Encyclopedia of Leadership brings together for the first time most of what is known and what truly matters about leadership as part of the human experience. Nearly four hundred entries written by ...
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21st Century Management: A Reference Handbook
21st Century Management provides clear and useful discussion by scholars from around the world of 100 of the key issues and topics that managers are confronting in the 21st century. The structure of discourse for each issue, and important associated perspectives and research, is concisely and meaningfully presented. New technologies, ...
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Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics
It's an interesting paradox when an important subject, which can help us make sense of our busy, everyday world, is considered very difficult to approach. Such is the case with measurement and statistics. However, this does not necessarily have to be the case, and we believe that the Encyclopedia of ...
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SAGE Sourcebook of Modern Biomedical Devices: Business Environments
This reference covers an important area of the commercial performance of major existing biomedical devices in today’s global markets. This is a subject of great interest in itself. While analyzing the performance of current devices, it is useful to researchers to consider the broad picture of expected developments of these ...
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Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology
The study of multicultural psychology has a long and multifaceted history. The field encompasses a wide range of subdisciplines within psychology and includes a multitude of populations both within and outside of the United States. Early efforts to examine issues relevant to people of color in psychology often attempted to ...
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Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime
Violence is globally pervasive and represents ethnic, racial, religious, and geopolitical disparities. History is replete with mass murders, genocides, and ethnic cleansings, all holocausts in their own right. Indeed, there are universal explanations for murder that are expressed through cultural filters. In general terms, people kill others as a result ...
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Encyclopedia of New Media
What is new media? There is no single answer to be given. Even old media were once new, to borrow Carolyn Marvin's observation, and new media are constantly changing and evolving. In truth, the question itself is a shorthand way of asking more than one thing (one might call it ...
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Encyclopedia of Obesity
IN MEDICAL TERMS, obesity is defined simply as an excess amount of adipose or fat tissue. The terms adipose and obesity both have their origins in Latin. Adipose stems from adeps, meaning fat, while obesity comes from the Latin—obesus—which, in turn, is a contraction of two Latin words, ob and ...
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Encyclopedia of Political Communication
Political communication began with the earliest studies of democratic discourse by Aristotle and Plato. However, modern political communication relies on an interdisciplinary base that draws on concepts from communication, political science, journalism, sociology, psychology, history, rhetoric, and others. This encyclopedia considers political communication from that broad interdisciplinary perspective, encompassing the ...
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Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and The Right
ALTHOUGH THE DISTINCTION between the politics of the left and the right is commonly assumed in the media and in treatments of political science and history, the terms are used so loosely that the student and the general reader are often confused: What exactly are the terms left and right ...
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Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities
The United States confines more people per capita than any other equivalent industrialized, democratic country. It is also one of the last remaining such nations to practice capital punishment, and one of only a handful of countries anywhere that executes juveniles. Sentences are longer in the United States than in ...
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Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment
Psychological assessment is the discipline of scientific psychology devoted to the study of a given human subject (or group of subjects) in a specific applied field (clinical, educational, work, etc.), by means of scientific tools (tests and other measurement instruments), with the purpose of answering clients' demands that require scientific ...
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Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law
Psychology and law is a relatively young field of scholarship. Conceptualized broadly, the field encompasses diverse approaches to psychology. Each of the major psychological subdivisions has contributed to research on legal issues: cognitive (e.g., eyewitness testimony), developmental (e.g., children's testimony), social (e.g., jury behavior), clinical (e.g., assessment of competence), biological ...
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21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook
Although human and animal behaviors have been topics of interest to scientists and others since antiquity, historians typically date the inception of modern psychology to the mid-1800s. More specifically, they have selected 1879, the year that Wilhelm Wundt established his experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, as the ...
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Encyclopedia of Public Relations
Some may wonder why public relations is a deserving topic for the extensive analysis it receives in this encyclopedia. After all, many might think, it is “just PR.” In the view of some or even many, public relations is the art of sham, spin, buzz, sandbagging, and “being nice.” Others ...
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Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
The issue of race and ethnicity is critical in contemporary life. It is a key element, whether explicitly stated or not, in debates concerning governmental leadership, health care, religion, aging, the media, and public policy in general. The issue of race and ethnicity is even more explicit in areas such ...
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Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development
In the 18th and 19th centuries, religion and spirituality were supposed to be replaced by science and reason—or so many thought. But that did not happen, and today, religion and spirituality play a major role in people's lives and in determining world affairs. So to be informed about today's world ...
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Encyclopedia of School Psychology
My training in school psychology emphasized that school psychologists should, first and foremost, be consultants. This is, as described by Terry Gutkin and Jane Conoley (1990), the “paradox of school psychology.” The paradox is that young school psychology trainees, who are eager to work directly with children through counseling or ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Problems
Social problems affect everyone. Some of us encounter problems of unequal treatment and opportunity virtually every day as a result of our race, religion, gender, or low income. Others experience problems in their lives from chemical dependency, family dissolution and disorganization, technological change, or declining neighborhoods. Crime and violence affect ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how normal people think, feel, and act. In that sense, social psychology is at the core of all the fields that study the human experience. As one colleague (not a social psychologist) remarked to us once, social psychology is one, and perhaps the only, ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods
These volumes comprise an encyclopedia of social science research methods, the first of its kind. Uniqueness explains, at least partly, why we undertook the project. It has never been done before. We also believe that such an encyclopedia is needed. What is an encyclopedia? In ancient Greek, the word signifies ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Theory
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Encyclopedia of Social Theory. There are, of course, encyclopedias of the social sciences (among others) that have addressed some of the topics assembled here. However, because their treatment of social theory has been only part of a much broader set ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America
In the Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America, we endeavored to bring together basic information on the history of social welfare in the three major countries that constitute North America—Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America. Our intention was to provide readers with information about how these ...
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21st Century Sociology
Since its inception through the early decades of the twentieth century, the discipline of sociology was essentially monolithic in perspective, representing a rather narrow range of interests into social problems areas. Early sociologists were essentially generalists, and during the first 100 years of disciplinary activity, the literature of sociology expanded ...
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Encyclopedia of Terrorism
Work on the Encyclopedia of Terrorism began almost one year prior to the events of September 11, 2001. At that time, there was the need for a thumbthrough type of reference work that could be consulted on the subject of terrorism. Yes, it is certainly true that for some time ...
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Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral
Behavior
In 2004, Republican President George W. Bush won re-election to the U.S. presidency. Republicans retained control of Congress and dominated in most state elections. Yet only two years later the Republicans suffered devastating defeats in the Congressional elections, losing both Houses of Congress. Republican losses were also consequential at the ...
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Encyclopedia of United States National Security
Security is like the air we breathe. We take it for granted until there is too little of it, at which point getting enough of it is all that matters. Aside from December 7, 1941, and September 11, 2001, the United States has been blessed in that most of its ...
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Encyclopedia of War & American Society
This encyclopedia includes substantial essays on the wars Americans have fought, their civilian and military leaders, and their major military institutions. It goes well beyond those subjects, however, in two significant ways. First, it probes the connections between our wartime expeditions and the experiences of the larger American society. This ...
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Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime
IN THE 2000s, white-collar crime has become a topic of almost daily news. The white-collar crime that caused the bankruptcy of Enron Corporation resulted in financial losses exceeding $66 billion to stockholders, and likely helped lead to the recall of the governor of California. Massive violations of laws pertaining to ...
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Encyclopedia of Women in the American West
In 1983 the first Western Women's Conference convened in Sun Valley, Idaho, to address the omissions and absence of women in traditional western history. This conference marked the first national meeting devoted to western women's history and launched the publication of The Women's West, edited by Susan Armitage and Elizabeth ...
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Encyclopedia of World Poverty
THE THREE VOLUMES of the Encyclopedia of World Poverty contain some 800 original, previously unpublished articles written by over 100 independent or affiliated scholars. This encyclopedia is intended for use as an authoritative and rigorous source on poverty and related issues. It provides extensive and current information and insight into ...
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